Born in Mindelo, on the island of São Vicente, when Cape Verde was still a Portuguese colony, Fonseca went on to study at the University of Lisbon, where he achieved a degree in Law and a Master’s in Legal Sciences. On his return to the country in 1975, he served as Director General of Emigration and then Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
During the 1980s, Fonseca lectured at various institutions such as the University of Lisbon, the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Lisbon, and the University of Asia Oriental in Macau, before returning to Cape Verde and truly begin his political career in 1991. From 1991 to 1993 he served as the country’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, and later ran for the presidency as the leader of the Movement for Democracy party in 2001, losing to African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) candidate Pedro Pires. After a decade of PAICV rule, Fonseca ran again in 2011, winning the presidency in the second round of voting and becoming the country’s 4th president.